Hegemony, Iraq And the SOTU

by: Paul Rosenberg

Mon Jan 28, 2008 at 10:34


I've been writing a lot lately about Antonio Gramsci's ideas about cultural hegemony--the ways that a dominant ideology embedded in diverse institutions serves to control what is politically conceivable--and how it can be overthrown via a two-stage process, the "war of position" (or "culture war") to gain control of institutions, and the "war of maneuver" (or "war of movement") to seize state political power once the institutional positions have been readied.

Gramsci's thinking was formulated in a Marxist context, but contains significant insights that can be more generally adapted to other purposes.  The two sides need not be the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, nor does there need to be a once-and-for-all seizure of absolute state power.  The war of position and war of manuever can proceed in tandem.  A post by Dday at Digby's place in advance of the State of the Union sparked some thoughts that can help illuminate the usefulness of a Gramscian perspective.  It's called "Rally 'Round The Flag"....

Paul Rosenberg :: Hegemony, Iraq And the SOTU
Dday:

This may be a little thing, but signs that a war where Americans are still dying is intractable doesn't seem to me to be that little.

Officials in Iraq's mostly Sunni Muslim Anbar province are refusing to raise Iraq's new national flag, which the parliament approved earlier this week.

"The new flag is done for a foreign agenda and we won't raise it," said Ali Hatem al Suleiman, a leading member of the U.S.-backed Anbar Awakening Council, "If they want to force us to raise it, we will leave the yard for them to fight al Qaida."

Why have the Sunnis in Anbar turned against the Iraqi flag?

A slim minority of parliamentarians approved the new flag, which doesn't have Saddam Hussein's handwriting or the three stars that represented his Sunni-dominated Baath Party.

It was rushed through parliament before a pan-Arab parliament meeting that's planned for March in Irbil, in the Kurdish north, because the Kurdish Regional Government prohibits flying Iraq's Saddam-era flag. The Kurds consider that flag a symbol of Saddam's oppression.

Details, details!  Who can keep all that straight?  The Surge(TM) is working, don'cha know!  Or do we have to condemn you, like we did MoveOn?

You see, the condemnation of MoveOn effectively ended any coherent Democratic questioning, much less opposition to the endless surge in Iraq.  Any questions about whether it was actually, you know, working were effectively ruled "out of order" for the duration.  (Much less questions about just what "working" might mean.) It was a glorious victory for our glorious leader who will be speaking tonight, giving his last SOTU, causing many a Versailles tear to be shed.

This is the way hegemony works.  The right has its hegemonic institutions well in hand.  This includes virtually the entire edifice of the punditalkcrazy--cable, columnists, talk radio, etc., etc., etc. and from its institutionally secure battlements it is mere child's play to launch a quick-strike war of movement attack on a puny 3-million member organization like MoveOn.

Hegemonic institutions in or with easy access to the media are particularly important in regulating the common flow of acceptable (i.e. hegemonic) political discourse, and that is precisely what we saw in this instance.  Certain things are simply unspeakable, and hence, unthinkable.

Thus, not only does the right use its array of hegemonically controlled positions to attack and reverse potential challenges, but to shape the very limits of acceptable critical questions, perspectives and ideas.  It creates "unpersons," "unthoughts," "unrealities," even though these persons, thoughts, realities continue to be very much alive in the real world, outside the media bubble.

And so, rightwing hegemony was triumphant!  Iraq is off the table for the 2008 election.  No worries!  Just... the economy, stupid!  And there, word is out that the US era of global dominance is coming to an end.  Just Bush's luck!

Which brings us to...

Hegemony, Part II

The larger story of hegemonic discourse on Iraq is that no one can question the official story, even though, if pressed, almost everyone will admit it was, well, not quite on the up-and-up. (Though Hucksterbee seems certain that those WMDs must have gone somewhere at the last minute.)  The trick is, no one gets pressed.  That just isn't done, because no one who would do such a thing is allowed to stay in the club. That's the way hegemony works.  It has all sorts of rules to keep it going.

And thus, even though I was one of five people cited for Project Censored's #1 Censored Story of 2002-2003, that story--the neocon's grand plan for global dominance--remains strictly off-limits for the normal flow of hegemonic discourse.  It might make the NY Times Bestseller list from time to time, but never the Times front page.  It just wouldn't be "objective," don'cha know!

Yet, that story--based in part in the Project for a New American Century's (PNAC's) September 2000 Report, "Rebuilding America's Defenses"--reveals the Iraq War to be, perhaps, the most spectacular US foreign policy failure of all time.  In PNACs view, terrorists were not even background extras, and even overthrowing Saddam was just a minor point.  The big story was controlling the globe for the next century, with keeping China down as Job One.

Ooops!

Which helps explain why hegemony is so important.  Because if we were allowed to talk about the real motives behind the Iraq War, and what larger scheme it was supposed to be part of, and how disastrously all that failed, then Bush would be facing execution tonight, instead of an adoring media.

And we can't have that!

After all, "Who lost China?" is supposed to be the far right's line, remember?

p.s.  Dday's last line?

Meanwhile, the over-under on sentences about Iraq in the State of the Union tonight is 3.


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my dissent (0.00 / 0)
I think the presumption on the part of Gramsci and Marx and others that the people (or, more precisely, an engaged working majority of the people) can be consistently rational, enlightened political actors in society is wrong - with the exception of the occasional mobilization around a single issue (and the incidental subsequent actions of this temporary coalition.) 

I think it's all just naive.  I do not believe that this view is elitist; it's more of an appraisal of history, religion, anthropology, and psychology.  I think Marx and the like are deficient in their understandings of all the above. 

I think their type of theorizing only becomes useful at some unforeseeable distant point in the future when humans are more psychologically and emotionally evolved. 


Higher ideals (0.00 / 0)
Just to put a more positive spin on this, I think many don't realize how many people vote for higher ideals.  We notice it when a rich man votes for a liberal, but we miss it when a poor woman votes for a conservative. 

I once talked with a conservative, poor woman who didn't want to be dependent on anyone; she wanted to pull her own weight and some day be in a position to help others.  This was important to her.  She may be going down the wrong path and voting for the wrong people, but telling her she isn't psychologically or emotionally evolved enough certainly won't win her vote.


[ Parent ]
It's Complicated, Dude! (0.00 / 0)
You know, you're absolutely right.

Still, it's also true that she's not evolved enough.  But that's not her fault.  It's just like being too short.  It's not something that people should be ashamed of.  If anything, it's a liabiity that people live with, and I think we have a social responsibility to try and make it much more possible for people to evolve their thinking.  (This is reflected in the title of Kegan's book: In Over Our Heads: The Mental Demands of Modern Life.)

The fact is, for most of human history the level of thinking she is at worked perfectly fine. There is nothing inherently wrong with it.  But she just happened to be born in a time when life demands more of us all--but it doesn't necessarily give us a decent shot at meeting those demands.

Most importantly, it really is the case that human worth is not related to the level of cognitive develoment.  Folks at higher levels perceive the world with greater complexity, but they can still be heartless bastards.  And it's quite clear that the woman you describe exhibits an admirable nobility that demands our respect.

It's not at all easy to talk about this sort of stuff, because of the mistaken connotations involved.  But at least we should be able to talk about it amongst ourselves, and try to get better at it.

"You know what they say -- those of us who fail history... doomed to repeat it in summer school." -- Buffy The Vampire Slayer, Season 6, Episode 3


[ Parent ]
Damn straight its complicated. (0.00 / 0)
They need to be educated but they are sick of being talked down to and we are sick of being told we are talking down to them and then the message gets muddled and the bad guys win.

This is why the discussions on framing and hegemony are so important.  These people should be reachable.

I think Obama has shown us a great way to take the first step.  You've made a convincing argument he isn't doing a very good with the steps that follow.


[ Parent ]
So... (0.00 / 0)
Where do we go from here?

"You know what they say -- those of us who fail history... doomed to repeat it in summer school." -- Buffy The Vampire Slayer, Season 6, Episode 3

[ Parent ]
We sound our victory cheer (0.00 / 0)
of course.

[ Parent ]
A Better Option Than Kissing Spike (0.00 / 0)
That's fer sure.

But, then, what would happen to the story arc???

"You know what they say -- those of us who fail history... doomed to repeat it in summer school." -- Buffy The Vampire Slayer, Season 6, Episode 3


[ Parent ]
Maybe I Haven't Made This Clear Enough (0.00 / 0)
But I don't think one has to buy into such a rationalist perspective to make use of this theory.

I take a much more realist view of human reason--based on empirical findings from cognitive science, and accepting the fundamental legitimacy of the populist mode of political engagement, which drives most elite theorists up a wall.

Indeed, it's my very acceptance of these "imperfections" that makes me so willing to follow up on such an approach, rather than be seduced by Obama's promise of an enlightened Kumbayah experience in which Timothy Leary and G. Gordon Liddy become one.

After all, they both may shout "Head shots!" but they don't mean anything remotely similar.

"You know what they say -- those of us who fail history... doomed to repeat it in summer school." -- Buffy The Vampire Slayer, Season 6, Episode 3


[ Parent ]
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