Can Campaigns Change Campaigns?

by: Chris Bowers

Sun Oct 28, 2007 at 22:35


The question that forms the title of this post might seem obviously stupid, or at least self-defeating. I mean, of course there are varying qualities to campaigns, and of course those differences make an impact in terms of both the development and final outcome of electoral campaigns. Different qualities of field, internet, media, fundraising, and communications must make an impact, or else what is the point not only of the strategic blogosphere, but also of the entire political consultant industry? If campaigns can't change campaigns, then the outcome is more or less set in stone from the start, based on the quality and appeal of the candidates themselves.

While I don't want to dismiss the relevance of the various strategic aspects of a campaign, I do want to argue that it is virtually impossible for a presidential campaign to change the outcome of either a primary or general election in and of itself. Events of this magnitude are simply too enormous, and there are larger forces at work. Especially at this stage of a primary campaign, I just don't think any campaign can change the outcome without a major confluence of outside forces over which the campaign has little control. The limit of what a campaign can do is revealed in the announcement that Obama will start to become much more aggressive against Hillary Clinton during the final months of the 2007-2008 Democratic nomination campaign. From the New York Times article on the subject (emphasis mine):
Chris Bowers :: Can Campaigns Change Campaigns?
Mr. Obama's vow to go on the offensive comes just over two months before the first votes are cast for the Democratic nomination, and after a long period in which his aides, donors and other supporters have battled - and in some cases shared - the perception that he has not exhibited the aggressiveness demanded by presidential politics.

In an interview on Friday that was initiated by his campaign to signal the change of course, Mr. Obama said "now is the time" for him to distinguish himself from Mrs. Clinton. While he said that he was not out to "kneecap the front-runner, because I don't think that's what the country is looking for," he said she was deliberately obscuring her positions for political gain and was less likely than he was to win back the White House for Democrats.

Asked in the interview on Friday if Mrs. Clinton had been fully truthful with voters about what she would do as president, Mr. Obama replied, "No."(…)

Asked about Mr. Obama's remarks, Mrs. Clinton's spokesman, Howard Wolfson, said: "Senator Obama once promised Americans a politics of hope. But now that his campaign has stalled he is abandoning that strategy and is engaging in the same old-style personal attacks that he once rejected. We are confident that voters will reject this strategy, especially from a candidate who told us he would do better."

The limits of what a high-profile presidential campaign can do on its own this late in the cycle are revealed in two ways in this article. First, the article foregrounds how this change was a process based decision from the Obama campaign. The article notes that campaign was worried about its strategy, and so it initiated an interview in order to signal a change of course. The fairly obvious artifice of the move, combined with the emphasis on process stories within the media, makes almost any move conducted by any campaign suspect from the start. Second, as the quote from Howard Wolfson shows, even if the campaign is successful in making news for a move like this, the opposing campaign always gets to respond in the same article. So, not only does it appear artificial, but the other campaign gets equal time. In a media environment like this, how can almost any move from a high profile campaign ever really make a significant impact on the nomination process in and of itself? I honestly don't see a way.

By now, it should be clear that the Clinton campaign has locked up the majority of "influentials" in the Democratic nomination campaign who have so far made up their minds. Considering her upward polling trajectory, it seems this has been the case since at least mid-June. This seems to be basically the same thing Howard Dean accomplished in 2003, when by mid-June he had locked up most of the influentials who had made up their minds. This has resulted in a campaign trajectory where Clinton has been slowly gaining both nationally and in early states for over four months now. In order to change this trajectory, all other Democratic campaigns, including the Obama campaign, need a major anti-Clinton and / or pro-someone else narrative / event to take hold, and result in the remaining undecided Democrats to break hard against Clinton and / or in favor of someone else. The only major event that a campaign can pretty much control, in and of itself, is the Iowa caucuses. My gut feeling is that Iowa isn't enough to change the campaign, and something else needs to break against Clinton before Iowa takes place in order to change the outcome of the nomination campaign. Whatever that something is, a series of attacks against Clinton by one campaign or the other isn't going to do the trick.
 
Clinton's path to the nomination is not something that a single campaign can stop right now, no matter how many interviews they request, new directions they vow to take, and stump speech attacks they might dish out. For Clinton to not win the nomination will require a major anti-Clinton narrative that places doubt in the minds of many Democrats, and which is verified in either some sort of scandal, gaffe, or defeat in Iowa. That is basically what happened to Dean, as the "Kerry is electable" and "Dean is angry" narratives collided with Dean's defeat in Iowa and subsequent, bullshit "scream." The narratives set up the possibility of a Dean collapse, which was cemented by his Iowa defeat and endless replayed "scream." Apart from winning Iowa and setting up the electability narrative, the Kerry campaign didn't do most of that on its own. It required the assistance of anti-Dean media narratives to plant doubt about the good doctor to push him over the top.

I'm not entirely sure what the Obama campaign, or any other Democratic campaign, needs to assist their attempts to knock off Clinton. Painting her as a hawk seems to have more legs than painting her as an "insider" or "unelectable" have, but I'm still not convinced the hawk angle is making many waves. What I do know is that in order for Clinton to not become the Democratic nomination, she will have to be defeated by more than the campaigns of her opponents. Something much broader is going to have to take place in order for Clinton to lose her dominant position. Lord knows I have tried to develop narratives that would call some of her policies into question, ala residual forces, but other leading campaigns dropped the ball on that one by not taking a clearer stance on Iraq themselves. Even had that not been the case, one has to wonder what major event would have caused concerns over Clinton's hawkish-ness to come to fruition. Would it require an attack on Iran, or a week where over one hundred American soldiers die in Iraq? If so, that is clearly something no campaign has control over, ala the capture of Saddam Hussein in late 2003, not to mention where the event would probably be a serious, short-term negative for progressive policy positions. Given that the institutions in which Americans have the most faith are the police, the military and religion, national crises pretty much always tend to favor conservatives. Katrina might be the only counter-example I can think of, although no matter the devastating impact that had on Republican electoral chances at the national level, it actually helped Republicans, big time, at the local level in both Louisiana and Mississippi.

Basically, what I am trying to say here is that while the campaign can still change, it is going to take something massive to do so on the Democratic side. Further, in order to change things in a progressive direction, it might also take something both extremely rare and which comes from outside individual campaigns themselves. It can happen, but the window is closing, and this effort by the Obama campaign has no chance of being enough, in and of itself.


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I think I disagree. (4.00 / 1)
If the Obama campaign boldly changed the subject, I think that might do it. That might short circuit the process-based reporting, and catch the Clinton campaign unready to respond. The Obama campaign would have to choose something both quite unanticipated and quite popular, which is a bit of a challenge, but still possible, I'd think.

If Obama, for example, suddenly said: "The politics of hope is -also- the politics of accountability. We cannot hope in the future, we cannot move forward -together- into the future, if we do not resolve the mistakes--the crimes--of the past ..." and then came out strongly for starting impeachment proceedings, that might very well shake up the race.

I'm not saying that it'd definitely swing the race in his direction, but it sure might change the campaign.

There might be a few other possibilities, too, but that's the one that springs most readily to mind.


Indeed (0.00 / 0)
A major tonal shift, especially if it was picked up by other campaigns, could cause things to start shifting. However, given the nature of the campaign to-date, I see no reason to expect this.

Me | My Work | Future Majority

[ Parent ]
No, I agree that my plan (0.00 / 0)
is a bit of a pipe dream, given what we've seen so far. I wonder if the Obama campaign isn't the wrong place to look for this, too; he's young, he's popular, he's got a safe seat, he'll only gain gravitas, he's gonna be President -some- day, and what's the rush?

But Edwards? He's gotta shoot the moon this time. He can't actually start impeachment proceedings, of course, but he sure can make a noise. Last I saw, if I remember right, 45% of Americans wanted to impeach Bush and 46% didn't--I've no idea what the numbers are for Democratic primary voters...


[ Parent ]
If she continues to stick her foot in her mouth... (0.00 / 0)
...about Iraq, which seems entirely possible given her 'I'm running the general election campaign now....', and the word gets out about her plans to 'stay the course' which I believe is her 'plan' at this time she could very well capsize.

You will notice the two 'ifs' in my run-on sentence. The first is very probable in my mind.

The second, not so much.

Edwards has been trying to hammer her on this but for most of the media Edwards, not being a woman nor black, is a non-entity. Besides he scare them shitless.

I think the only thing that can stop The Hill now is losing to Edwards in Iowa . Which is not what your post is about.

But hey! It's late and this is my last comment of the day. Good post as usual!

Makes a change from the stuff you see at dKos these days.

Peace, Health and Prosperity for Everyone.


Word (0.00 / 0)
Lord knows I have tried to develop narratives that would call some of her policies into question, ala residual forces, but other leading campaigns dropped the ball on that one by not taking a clearer stance on Iraq themselves.

Indeed, no campaign has made any real attempt to take on Sen. Clinton, a presumptive frontrunner if there ever was one. It has been a hallmark of the lackluster/leaderless tone of this process to-date. No one has stepped up meaningfully.

Harkening back to 2003, you can contrast this w/Dean much earlier than June. Statements like "What in the world as so many Democrats doing supporting the presidents unilateral intervention in iraq?" and "We can't beat George Bush by being Bush Lite" come to mind. There's been nothing at all like that this cycle.

There's not much time for this to change, and you're probably right that external forces will play a part, if anything happens. But nothing will happen no mater what external events transpire if the other campaigns don't capitalize. That requires them taking risks and showing leadership.

Me | My Work | Future Majority


changing campaigns (4.00 / 4)
For me it's not a mystery why Hillary Clinton is running ahead of this pack. She's the only one whose campaign isn't run by some variant of the Bob Shrum wing of the democratic campaign establishment.

It's no shocker when you consider that the only democrats to win the presidency since Truman ran campaigns with mostly DC outsiders. Carter's campaign was run primarily by his people from Georgia and some others without substantial presidential campaign experience.

Bill Clinton essentially ran his own campaign through Carville, Begala, and others who had little ,if any, presidential experience. Now Hillary's campaign is run by what is essentially her own home grown machine. An example of this home grown machine is campaign manager Patti Solis-Doyle who was hired by Hillary as her scheduler when she became first lady.

You won't find anyone from the Shrum wing of the party running that campaign because she intends to win. An essential lesson seems to be that if you want to win stay as far as possible away from the DNC Georgetown cocktail party strategists.

The Obama campaign seems much too concerned about whether David Broder and his ilk will be impressed and like them.  His campaign up to now has been Seinfeld, a show about nothing.  OK maybe a cult of personality.

As for Edwards, he seems to be following the Howard Dean model where he got into the fight with Dick Gephart and knocked himself right out of the race.  I guess that's not too surprising since Joe Trippi is involved there now.

Obama's campaign seems to be based mainly on "look at me, don't you just love me" while Edwards lately has just been against whatever Clinton is for.  At least that's what we see in the media and their supporters on DKos, etc aren't helping at all.

If Obama or Edwards hope to win this thing, they should start campaigning on what they want to do and why that would be best for the voters.  Being anti-Hillary won't do it at this point.  Successful campaigns are about the Voters, not about the candidate.


and (4.00 / 1)
Obama and Edwards have failed to do the outreach to natural partners and build a coalition behind their candidicies.  Either could have built a progressive movement candidacy, but they chose caution.  Just look at the Obama campaign's recent troubles with the gay community and the blogs.  That should never have happened.  And Edwards' ridiculous early episode with the feminist bloggers and Elizabeth's smackdown of Moveon were just as clear.

It's really sad.


all of which (0.00 / 0)
All of which is to say that campaigns can beat other campaigns, but it takes more than silly statements to the press.  It takes a real effort to craft a new electoral map.  You can't phone it in with Oprah.

[ Parent ]
right (0.00 / 0)
And what's with the newspaper announcements about how they are changing course to be more aggressive now.  Just makes it seem more contrived.  Wouldn't be a lot more effective if not pre-announced?

[ Parent ]
it sure was a process interview (0.00 / 0)
Look at the questions asked in the interview :

Q. Why have you not been more aggressive distinguishing yourself from Senator Clinton?

Q. How are you reassuring contributors?

Q. But if you're running against an established brand, don't you have to draw contrasts?

Q. Why would you be a better uniter than Senator Clinton?

Q. Has she been truthful to voters about what she would do as president?

Q. Have you performed as well as you would have liked to in the debates? And going forward, do you have to do more to show that you can?

Q. Would it have made sense to begin sharpening your criticism earlier?

Q. Some of your supporters say they are waiting for you to be more aggressive.

It goes on for another page.

On the other hand, it is clear (look at Marc Ambinder's blog) that if Obama were to cricitize Clinton, the reporters would just write articles on how they think he is changing course (egged on by Clinton memos to them.) 

New Jersey politics at Blue Jersey.


[ Parent ]
I thought that Edwards (0.00 / 0)
ridiculous early episode with the bloggers ended up being a net -positive- for him, at least from the netroots vantage, no? I don't remember the details, but didn't Bowers end up saying that Edwards earned more support after that?

[ Parent ]
Clinton is a hawk - but Obama is no dove. (0.00 / 0)
Will you vote for a co-sponsor of Senate bill 970?
Barack Obama was among them. So was Clinton.
It is called the "Iran Counter-Proliferation Act of 2007."

It designates Iran's army as a "terrorist organization".

The language of the bill that Obama co-sponsored reads:
"The Secretary of State should designate the Iranian Revolutionary Guards as a Foreign Terrorist Organization under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189) and the Secretary of the Treasury should place the Iranian Revolutionary Guards on the list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists under Executive Order 13224 (66 Fed. Reg. 186; relating to blocking property and prohibiting transactions with persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism)."

This stupid resolution greases the skids to war in Iran as surely as the pathetic Kyl-Lieberman bill that Clinton voted for and Obama wasn't in town to vote against.

Obama is no alternative to Clinton.

Kucinich is. Richardson is. Dodd is. But no one is interested.

Obama v/s Clinton. Alien v/s Predator. Godzilla v/s King Kong.
This is what keeps the media happy.

Hello Giuliani.


Clinton, the War and the Media (0.00 / 0)
Worth reading:
http://www.truthdig....

I think they can (4.00 / 1)
Campaigns have a certain amount of ability to change the race, but it's limited by the actions of the other side to avoid this, and you certainly can't do it just by declaring that you're going to change.

Obama saying he's going to become more aggressive is a process story. Obama actually seizing on an issue that resonates and hammering Clinton on it has the potential to spring an upset.  Doing the same thing Dodd did, but with an infinitely bigger bully pulpit and probably less of a parliamentary aspect to it. But I'm no more sanguine about the chances of that happening than any of the other commenters.

Forgotten Countries - a foreign policy-focused blog


wow; Bowers is really discouraged (4.00 / 1)
Try to remember that not a single vote has been cast. The voters have something to say about this. Not just the voters in Iowa and NH, all the voters.


It could go to then end... (4.00 / 2)
I personally give it a 30% of being a long, drawn out primary campaign.  Remember that all Democratic primary contests are proportional, not winner takes all.  This time around the three front runners have enough money to continue running and looking for a win at least until Feb. 5th.

We won't see any candidates saying that Iowa doesn't matter until afterwards in case they win.  I think that the only one who has to win Iowa is Edwards since he will have been campaigning there for five years by that point.  Obama or Hilary can probably sustain a loss so long as its close.

Indeed I predict that a narrow loss to Hilary would improve Obama's position as he will have shown himself to be close on the heels of Hilary.  I am sure that someone out there is already working on a spunky non-consession speech about how the campaign has just begun and he is very pleased by his performance and intends to keep fighting.

My job is not to represent Washington to you, but to represent you to Washington- Obama
Philly for Obama


[ Parent ]
Recent past (4.00 / 5)
The recent past history is littered with examples of campaigns changing campaigns.  On the Democratic side, these included:

1968:  Gene McCarthy's student volunteers in New Hampshire met and pretty much upended the forces of the regular New Hampshire Democrats.  One of the stories that was played up a lot after the results came in was LBJ's campaign wanting signed loyalty pledges from NH Democrats.  It did not go over well.  Yes the issue of the war was important but the two campaign moves (clean shaven students and loyalty pledges) had their role).

1972:  Nixon dirty tricks on the Democratic front runner, Muskie, played a big role.

1976:  Jimmy Carter flew up lots of Georgians to NH.  The hand written notes played very well as did the first real use of Iowa for a bump.

1984: Stories posted here made it clear that the actions of the Hart campaign played a huge difference.  All flushed down the toilet by the Donna Rice "Monkey Business" story.

2004: Kerry's decision to go "all in" by mortgaging his house provided key funds.  The Kerry Gephardt combo astroturf attack on Dean was also important.

I'm a bit less familiar with the Republican side.  At least as covered by the media, these campaigns seemed to be disproportionately effected by blowhard pronouncements by the candidates rather than organizational type issues.

1968:  Nixon simply had more IOUs than Rockefeller and Reagan combined.  This gave him a solid wall of institutional support.

1980:  This nomination seemed to turn remarkably on a blowhard radio "debate" performance by Reagan "I paid for this microphone."  I admit, I never understood why a lot of the Reagan things worked.  "I paid for this microphone."  "There you go again"

1988:  Bush's "No new tax pledge" in NH sealed the deal.  It also cooked him for 1992 but that is another story.

2000:  Rove won the nomination on the ground in South Carolina by a vicious combination of whispers, leafletting, and some of the ugliest rumors possible.

If Obama wins this nomination, it will most likely be because he invested in a ground game earlier than Hillary Clinton.  Mitt Romney has been the first to go heavily into Iowa and NH TV and it has paid off amazingly.  That is his whole campaign.  Giuliani's diffidence in Iowa may be his undoing.

So, yes, campaigns have made a difference frequently in the past.  They may, again, this cycle.  The results will tell.


I Think What You're Doing Is (0.00 / 0)
underscoring the porridge-like nature of the 2008 campaign.

If we had anything close to a campaign that actually responded to the dire circumstances that 7 years of Bush/Cheney have put us in, things would be very different.

"Senate passes expanded GI bill despite Bush, McCain opposition"


[ Parent ]
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